Free CPA AUD (Auditing & Attestation) Formula Sheet (2026)

Every CPA AUD formula you need on the test, grouped by topic, rendered with full math notation. 12 formulas across 4 topics, calibrated to the 2026 syllabus. Free forever, no signup required.

12 Formulas
4 Topics
2026 Syllabus
Free Forever
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All CPA AUD Formulas

Ethics, Professional Responsibilities and General Principles 1 item
Independence: financial interest threshold
Direct financial interest of ANY amount impairs independence.
Indirect financial interest: impairs independence only if material to the covered member.
Covered member = professional on engagement team, firm, or network firm.
Assessing Risk and Developing a Planned Response 5 items
Audit risk model
AR=IR×CR×DR\text{AR} = \text{IR} \times \text{CR} \times \text{DR}
IR=inherent, CR=control, DR=detection.
Set AR, assess IR + CR, solve for required DR.
Detection risk (solved)
DR=ARIR×CR\text{DR} = \frac{\text{AR}}{\text{IR} \times \text{CR}}
Higher IR or CR → lower acceptable DR → more or better substantive procedures required.
Tolerable misstatement
Tolerable Misstatement≤Planning Materiality\text{Tolerable Misstatement} \leq \text{Planning Materiality}
Typically set at 50–75% of overall planning materiality per PCAOB/AICPA guidance.
Used to evaluate whether account-level misstatements are material.
Materiality benchmarks (planning)
0.5–1% of revenues or assets
5–10% of pre-tax NI
1–2% of equity
Smaller entities: 2–5% of gross profit or 0.5% of assets.
Risk of material misstatement (RMM)
RMM=IR×CR\text{RMM} = \text{IR} \times \text{CR}
Assessed at financial statement level and assertion level.
Higher RMM → more responsive substantive procedures (nature, timing, extent).
Performing Further Procedures and Obtaining Evidence 5 items
Attribute sampling: sample size formula
n=RTDR−EPERn = \frac{R}{\text{TDR} - \text{EPER}}
RR = reliability factor (from table based on confidence level and expected deviations), TDR\text{TDR} = tolerable deviation rate, EPER\text{EPER} = expected population deviation rate.
Reliability factors (attribute sampling)
95% conf: 0 dev → R=3.0; 1 dev → R=4.75.
90% conf: 0 dev → R=2.31; 1 dev → R=3.89.
Higher conf → larger R → larger sample.
Projected misstatement (MUS/variables sampling)
Projected Misstatement=Sample MisstatementSample Book Value×Population Book Value\text{Projected Misstatement} = \frac{\text{Sample Misstatement}}{\text{Sample Book Value}} \times \text{Population Book Value}
If projected misstatement + known misstatements > tolerable misstatement, consider adjusting or expanding.
Upper deviation rate (attribute sampling)
UDR=Ractual deviationsn\text{UDR} = \frac{R_{\text{actual deviations}}}{n}
From reliability factor table at desired confidence level given actual deviations found.
If UDR > TDR, internal control cannot be relied upon; increase substantive testing.
Accounts receivable turnover and DSO
A/R Turnover=Net Credit SalesAvg A/R\text{A/R Turnover} = \frac{\text{Net Credit Sales}}{\text{Avg A/R}}
DSO=365A/R Turnover\text{DSO} = \frac{365}{\text{A/R Turnover}}
Analytical procedure; deviations signal potential misstatement.
Forming Conclusions and Reporting 1 item
Audit opinion thresholds
Unmodified: no material misstatement, full scope.
Qualified: material but not pervasive OR scope limit.
Adverse: material AND pervasive (GAAP violation).
Disclaimer: scope limit too severe — no opinion.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is the CPA AUD formula sheet free?
Yes. The full CPA AUD formula sheet is free, with no signup, no email, and no credit card required. 12 formulas across 4 topics, all rendered with the same KaTeX math notation used in the FreeFellow study app.
Can I download the CPA AUD formula sheet as a printable PDF?
Yes. A 1080x1350 portrait PDF (Instagram and LinkedIn carousel native size, also great for tablet study) is linked at the top of this page. The PDF is fully self-contained: math is pre-rendered, fonts are embedded, no internet connection needed once downloaded.
What's covered on the CPA AUD formula sheet?
Every formula is grouped by official syllabus topic, with the formula in math notation plus a one-line note on when to use it (or a watch-out from CAIA, CFA, or other prep-provider commentary). Coverage is calibrated to the 2026 syllabus and refreshed when the corpus changes.
Is this formula sheet affiliated with CPA?
No. FreeFellow is not affiliated with the CPA or any examination body. This is an independent study aid covering the published syllabus.
What else is free at FreeFellow for CPA AUD candidates?
The full question bank with detailed solutions, mixed practice, readiness tracking, lessons (where available), and the formula sheet are all free forever. Fellow ($59/quarter or $149/year per track) unlocks timed mock exams, spaced-repetition flashcards, performance analytics, AI essay grading, and a personalized study plan.
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